* The cuneiform script
* The pantheon of gods and goddesses
* The system of divination
* The practice of temple prostitution
* The use of chariots in warfare
* From Egyptian:
* The concept of a divine pharaoh
* The use of gold and silver in jewelry
* The practice of mummification
* The construction of pyramids and temples
* The development of a calendar
* From Mesopotamian:
* The art of metallurgy
* The use of seals and cylinder seals
* The development of mathematics and astronomy
* The practice of law and government
* The creation of literature and art