1. Complexity: Sumerian society was more complex and stratified compared to Egyptian society. Sumerian society consisted of three main classes: the upper class (nobility and priests), the middle class (merchants and artisans), and the lower class (farmers and laborers). In contrast, Egyptian society was divided into two main classes: the upper class (pharaohs, nobles, and priests) and the lower class (peasants and slaves).
2. Mobility: Social mobility was more restricted in Sumer compared to Egypt. In Sumer, social status was largely determined by birth, and it was difficult for individuals to move between classes. In Egypt, on the other hand, there was more opportunity for social mobility, and individuals could improve their social status through education, military service, or royal favor.
3. Role of Religion: Religion played a more significant role in shaping the social class structure in Egypt compared to Sumer. In Egypt, the pharaoh was considered a divine ruler, and the priesthood held a powerful position in society. The social hierarchy was closely tied to religious beliefs and rituals, and religious leaders often held positions of authority. In Sumer, while religion was important, it did not have as direct an impact on the social class structure as in Egypt.
4. Treatment of Lower Classes: The lower classes were treated differently in Sumer and Egypt. In Sumer, the lower classes were subject to harsh conditions, including heavy taxation and labor obligations. In Egypt, while the lower classes were also burdened with taxes and labor demands, they were generally treated better and had access to basic necessities like food and housing.
These differences in social class structure reflect the unique cultural, political, and economic factors that shaped Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations.