- Social structure was highly stratified, with the pharaoh at the top.
- Priests, government officials, and scribes formed the upper classes.
- Farmers, artisans, and laborers made up the lower classes.
- Women had fewer rights than men, but those of the upper class had much more freedom.
- Slavery was common, but slaves were more like indentured servants than chattel slaves.
Religion
- Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic and worshiped numerous gods and goddesses.
- The most important gods included Osiris, Isis, Horus, and Ra.
- Temples were constructed throughout Egypt where priests performed rituals to honor the gods.
- Egyptians believed in life after death and would mummify their dead and bury them with their belongings.
Economy
- Egypt's economy was based on agriculture, and most people worked in fields.
- Principal crops included wheat, barley, and vegetables.
- Farmers also cultivated fruit and kept livestock, such as cattle and sheep.
- Ancient Egypt was also known for its trade and commerce.
- They traded papyrus, gold, linen, and other goods with neighboring regions.
Writing
- Ancient Egyptians developed one of the earliest writing systems, called hieroglyphs.
- Hieroglyphs are picture-based symbols that represent words or sounds.
- Scribes were the only ones trained to read and write hieroglyphs.
- They were responsible for keeping records and writing important documents.
Art and Architecture
- Ancient Egyptians were skilled in art and architecture.
- They created impressive sculptures, paintings, and pyramids.
- Pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were designed to protect their bodies in the afterlife.
- Temples were also constructed and decorated with artwork depicting religious scenes.
Daily Life
- Most Egyptians lived in small villages or towns along the Nile River.
- They built their homes out of mud bricks and often lived in extended families.
- They ate a diet of bread, vegetables, and fruits.
- Recreation was limited and often consisted of family gatherings, music, and dancing.
Education
- Egyptian education focused on practical subjects that would help students prepare for their future careers.
- Education was usually limited to upper-class boys, though some girls also attended school.
- Students learned to read, write, and do math.
- Priests and other religious officials were also taught religion and philosophy.