1. Patronymic Surnames:
- Many surnames are derived from the father's given name.
- Patronymic surnames often use suffixes like "son," "sen," "ov," "wicz," or "escu."
- Example: Johnson (son of John).
2. Occupational Surnames:
- These surnames are based on the individual's occupation or trade.
- Examples: Smith, Carpenter, Miller, Baker, etc.
3. Locational Surnames:
- Derived from geographic places like towns, villages, or landscapes.
- They indicate the person's ancestral origins.
- Examples: Hill, Forest, London, Patel (derived from "Patel" village in Gujarat, India).
4. Descriptive Surnames:
- Based on physical traits, personality characteristics, or behavioral traits.
- Examples: Brown, White, Short, Long, Moody, Hardy, etc.
5. Ethnic or National Origin Surnames:
- Many surnames indicate the person's ancestral ethnicity or nationality.
- Examples: Chinese, Irish, French, Dutch, etc.
6. Religious Surnames:
- Derived from religious affiliation, practices, or specific saints.
- Examples: Christian, Islam, Cohen (Jewish priest), etc.
7. Matronymic Surnames:
- Less common, but some cultures adopt surnames from the mother's side.
- Example: Mattson (son of Matilda).
8. Nickname Surnames:
- Based on an individual's nickname, usually derived from personal traits or physical attributes.
- Example: Armstrong (strong arm).
9. Combined Surnames:
- Some surnames may be a combination of different origins, such as patronymic and locational or occupational and physical traits.
10. Anglicized or Americanized Surnames:
- In the history of immigration, particularly to the United States, surnames underwent changes for easier pronunciation or spelling.
- Examples: Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller, etc.
The specific origin of a surname may vary depending on region, culture, and historical context. Family lineage and genealogy help trace the history and variations of surnames over time.