Longships were the primary vessels used by the Vikings during their raiding, trading, and exploring expeditions. They were characterized by their long, narrow hulls, shallow drafts, and distinctive sail designs. Here are the key features of Viking longships:
1. Hull: Viking longships had a narrow and elongated hull design, giving them excellent speed and maneuverability. They were typically constructed using overlapping wooden planks held together by iron rivets.
2. Draft: Longships had a shallow draft, allowing them to navigate shallow rivers, coastal waters, and even beach directly onto land. This capability was essential for their amphibious raids and exploration of uncharted territories.
3. Sails: Viking longships were equipped with a single large sail, usually made from wool or linen. The sails were hoisted on a single mast located in the middle of the ship. Some ships also had smaller sails at the bow and stern to improve maneuverability.
4. Steering Oars: Instead of a rudder, Viking longships were steered using large steering oars. These oars were located at the sides of the stern, and they were operated by experienced steersmen.
5. Oars: Longships were propelled by oars when the wind was weak or when sailing was not possible. Typically, there would be a row of oars on each side of the ship, manned by skilled rowers.
6. Cargo Hold: Longships had a cargo hold amidships, where the Vikings would store their provisions, weapons, and other supplies for their voyages.
7. Dragon Figurehead: Many longships featured elaborately carved dragon or animal figureheads at the bow. These carvings served both as decorative elements and as symbols of power and protection during their voyages.
Overall, Viking longships were remarkable feats of engineering and craftsmanship that enabled the Vikings to travel vast distances, explore new lands, and establish trade and raiding networks across Europe and beyond.