1. Land Reform:
- Tiberius Gracchus: In 133 BC, Tiberius proposed the Lex Sempronia Agraria, a law that aimed to redistribute public lands (ager publicus) among landless Roman citizens. It limited the amount of land that wealthy individuals could occupy, and sought to establish small family farms.
- Gaius Gracchus: Gaius further pursued land reforms during his term as tribune in 123 and 122 BC. He aimed to extend land distribution to Roman allies and settlers in newly acquired territories.
2. Political Reforms:
- Tiberius Gracchus: Tiberius also introduced measures to increase the power and influence of the plebeian assembly (Concilium Plebis), giving the common people a greater voice in decision-making.
- Gaius Gracchus: Gaius's political reforms included proposing a law that required all adult male citizens to serve in the military. Additionally, he tried to limit the influence of the senatorial class and to expand citizenship to Latin allies.
3. Judicial Reforms:
- Gaius Gracchus: Gaius attempted to reform the judicial system by transferring control over jury courts from the senatorial elite to equestrian juries (drawn from the wealthy non-senatorial class).
4. Grain Subsidy:
- Gaius Gracchus: Gaius implemented a grain subsidy program, Lex Frumentaria, providing subsidized grain to poor citizens.
5. Public Works:
- Gaius Gracchus: Gaius undertook large public works projects, including the construction of roads and colonies to alleviate urban unemployment.
The Gracchan reforms faced intense opposition from the conservative senatorial class, who viewed them as a threat to their privileged position and the traditional power structures of the Republic. Ultimately, both Tiberius and Gaius were met with violent resistance, leading to their deaths and the temporary setback of their reformist efforts.