1. Hereditary Succession: In many Mesopotamian city-states, kingship was hereditary, passed down from father to son. The concept of divine right was often associated with kingship, and the Mesopotamians believed that kings were chosen by the gods to rule.
2. Military Conquest: In ancient Mesopotamia, military strength was crucial, and kings often emerged through military conquests. A successful military leader might establish control over a city or region and declare themselves king. Conquest and expansion were common in the history of Mesopotamia, with ambitious rulers seeking to enlarge their territories and consolidate power.
3. Elections and Assemblies: In certain Mesopotamian cities, kings were elected or chosen by an assembly of citizens. The assembly might consist of prominent individuals, including priests, elders, and influential families. This type of election was seen in some city-states, particularly during periods of political instability or power struggles.
4. Divine Selection: In Mesopotamian religious beliefs, kings were sometimes considered to be chosen by the gods. This belief supported the legitimacy of their rule and reinforced their authority. Kings were often seen as intermediaries between the gods and the people.
5. Appointment or Recognition by a Predecessor: Sometimes, a king would appoint or designate his successor before their death. This could be done to ensure a smooth transition of power and maintain stability within the kingdom. Additionally, a new king might be recognized and accepted by their predecessor or a powerful individual in the kingdom, thus solidifying their position.
6. Rebellions and Depositions: In cases of discontent or dissatisfaction with the ruling king, rebellions or insurrections could occur. If successful, these rebellions might result in the overthrow of the existing king and the rise of a new one. Depositions and power struggles were not uncommon in Mesopotamian history.