Formation of civilization
1. Geographic and Environmental factors: Favorable geographic conditions such as fertile land, access to water resources, and a geography that support efficient agriculture and trade are often essential for early human settlements.
2. Technological Advancement: Development of agricultural technologies, tools, and technologies for construction, transportation and communication can lead to increased productivity and surplus resources, which support larger populations and urbanization.
3. Social and political organization: The emergence of complex social structures, hierarchies and systems of governance allows for the coordination of labor, resource distribution and the maintenance of order within growing settlements.
4. Cultural and Religious factors: Shared belief, values, rituals, and traditions can contribute to social cohesion, cultural innovation, and the establishment of a civilization's identity.
5. Economic Exchange: The development of trade networks, markets, and economic activities foster exchange of ideas, goods, and technologies, leading to cultural cross-pollination and further growth.
Disappearance of civilization:
1. Environmental Disasters: Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts or famines, can cause the destruction of infrastructure and the collapse of agricultural economies, leading to the decline of civilizations.
2. Climate change: Long term climate changes that alter the environment, rendering previously fertile regions inhospitable, have been linked to the decline and collapse of several ancient civilization.
3. Resource Depletion: Over exploitation of natural resources such as water, timber, and soil can lead to environmental degradation and resource shortages, undermining the sustainability of civilizations.
4. Political instability and Conflict: Internal conflicts, power struggles, invasions, or protracted warfare can disrupt trade, agriculture, and social cohesion, contributing to the decline of civilization.
5. Technological Stagnation: Failure to adapt to technological innovations or reliance on outdated technologies can make a civilization vulnerable to more technologically advanced societies.
6. Cultural and Societal Decay: Internal decadence, social unrest, loss of cultural values or decline in civic participation can weaken a civilization's resilience to challenges.
The rise and fall of civilization involve complex interactions among economic, political, societal, environmental, and cultural factors. While some of the dynamics are better understood through archeological and historical research, some aspect remain highly debated among scholars and historians.