* Literature: The Hellenistic period saw a flowering of literary activity. The most important works of this period include the poems of Homer, the tragedies of Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus, and the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides.
* Philosophy: The Hellenistic period was also a time of great philosophical activity. The most important schools of philosophy during this period were the Stoics, the Epicureans, and the Skeptics.
* Science: The Hellenistic period saw significant advances in science and mathematics. The most important scientists of this period include Euclid, Archimedes, and Eratosthenes.
* Government: The Hellenistic period saw the rise of new forms of government, including monarchies, republics, and leagues of cities.
* Religion: The Hellenistic period saw the spread of new religious ideas, including the worship of foreign gods and the rise of mystery cults.