Plants:
1. Cereals: Mesopotamia was known for its fertile land, and cereals such as wheat and barley were extensively cultivated along with millets and pulses.
2. Fruit Trees: Fruit trees like date palm, fig, pomegranate, and grapes were grown in Mesopotamia. These trees were well-suited to the hot and dry climate of the region.
3. Vegetables: Various vegetables, including onions, garlic, lettuce, cucumbers, and melons, were grown for consumption.
4. Herbs and Spices: Herbs such as mint, coriander, cumin, and thyme were used for flavoring food.
Animals:
1. Livestock: Mesopotamia was home to a variety of livestock, including sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys. These animals provided meat, milk, and transportation.
2. Wild Mammals: The region was inhabited by various wild mammals such as lions, leopards, elephants, wild boar, gazelles, and deer.
3. Birds: Numerous species of birds were present in Mesopotamia, including eagles, vultures, hawks, falcons, and migratory waterfowl such as cranes and pelicans.
4. Fish and Aquatic Animals: The rivers and wetlands of Mesopotamia supported a diversity of fish species, including carp, catfish, and various shellfish.
5. Insects: Insects such as bees, wasps, ants, and locusts were also found in the region.
The plants and animals of Mesopotamia played a crucial role in the development and sustenance of ancient civilizations in the region. They provided food, shelter, and economic resources, and influenced cultural and religious beliefs of the people who inhabited this ancient land.