Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions: Slave ships were often overcrowded, with hundreds of enslaved men, women, and children packed into small, poorly ventilated spaces below deck. The ships lacked proper hygiene and sanitation, leading to the spread of diseases. Overcrowding and poor ventilation contributed to the rapid spread of infectious diseases like dysentery, smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and malaria, causing a high death toll among slaves.
Lack of food and water: Slaves were given little to no food and water during the passage. The quality and quantity of food provided was insufficient and often spoiled. Insufficient food and water coupled with unsanitary conditions led to malnutrition and dehydration among slaves, further increasing mortality rates.
Shackling and torture: Enslaved individuals were shackled together with leg irons, chains, and ropes for the entire journey. They were often beaten, tortured, and subjected to violence by the ship's crew. The physical and psychological trauma inflicted on slaves caused immense suffering and mental distress.
Length and duration of voyage: The middle passage could take several weeks or even months. The horrendous conditions on the ships, coupled with the length of the voyage, resulted in a significant loss of life. It is estimated that at least 10% of slaves died during the middle passage, though some historical accounts suggest the death toll was much higher.
Emotional and psychological trauma: Being forcibly taken from their homes, families, and communities, and subjected to extreme cruelty and degradation left enduring emotional and psychological scars on enslaved Africans. Many suffered from PTSD and lasting trauma that extended even after reaching the shores of the Americas.