* Americas to Europe: Maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, beans, squash, peanuts, pineapple, avocado, cocoa, vanilla, tobacco.
* Europe to Americas: Wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, sugar, coffee, citrus fruits, bananas, apples, grapes, pigs, cattle, horses, chickens.
2. Spread of Disease
* From Europe to the Americas: smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, malaria, yellow fever.
* From the Americas to Europe: syphilis.
3. Demographic Changes
* Native American population decreases due to disease, warfare, and displacement.
* European population increases due to an influx of immigrants and a longer life expectancy.
4. Cultural Exchange
* Spanish missionaries introduce Catholicism to the Americas.
* Native Americans teach Europeans about their languages, cultures, and traditions.
5. Political and Economic Change
* Spanish colonialism in the Americas.
* Transatlantic trade between Europe and the Americas becomes very important, leading to the rise of commercial capitalism.
Overall, the Columbian Exchange transformed the world in numerous ways, leading to significant environmental, demographic, cultural, social, and economic changes on a global scale.