External threats: The Inca Empire was also threatened by external enemies, such as the Spanish conquistadors and the neighboring Mapuche people. The Spanish were eventually able to defeat the Inca Empire, and the Mapuche were able to resist Inca rule for centuries.
Environmental challenges: The Inca Empire faced a number of environmental challenges, such as earthquakes, floods, and droughts. These challenges could cause widespread damage and disruption, and could lead to food shortages and famine.
Disease: The Inca Empire was also affected by a number of diseases, such as smallpox and measles. These diseases were introduced by the Spanish and quickly spread throughout the empire, causing widespread death and devastation.
Cultural and religious changes: The arrival of the Spanish also brought about a number of cultural and religious changes in the Inca Empire. These changes were often met with resistance from the Inca people, who were deeply attached to their traditional beliefs and practices.