Conquests and Territorial Expansion:
- Conquest of Nubia: The New Kingdom pharaohs, particularly Thutmose I and Thutmose III, launched military campaigns into Nubia, a region rich in gold and other resources. This expansion gave Egypt direct access to valuable commodities.
Establishment of Trade Routes:
- Red Sea Trade: The Egyptians developed trade routes through the Red Sea, connecting them to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. This facilitated trade in exotic goods such as frankincense, myrrh, and spices.
- Mediterranean Sea Trade: Egypt also expanded trade in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly with civilizations in the Levant and Greece. The export of Egyptian grain, papyrus, and other commodities was significant.
Economic Diplomacy:
- Diplomatic Marriages: Rulers of the New Kingdom engaged in diplomatic marriages with neighboring kingdoms and rulers. These alliances strengthened political ties and facilitated trade agreements.
Development of Trade Centers:
- Cities like Thebes, Memphis, and Tanis became vibrant hubs of trade and commerce. Markets were established, and merchants from various regions gathered to trade goods.
Infrastructure Improvement:
- Construction of Canals: Pharaohs like Senusret III improved existing canals and constructed new ones to enhance inland transportation and trade. The famous Nile Canal, connecting the Nile to the Red Sea, played a vital role in trade.
Taxation and Regulation:
- Taxation of Trade: Rulers imposed taxes on traders and merchants to increase state revenues. These taxes were crucial in funding military campaigns and other state projects.
- Regulation of Trade: The government implemented regulations to ensure fair trade practices and protect merchants. This helped build trust and confidence in Egyptian trade.
Royal Expeditions:
- Voyages to Punt: The New Kingdom pharaohs organized royal expeditions to Punt, a region believed to be located on the East African coast. These expeditions aimed to acquire rare commodities like ebony, electrum (an alloy of gold and silver), and aromatic resins.
By expanding trade, rulers of the New Kingdom increased the wealth and prosperity of Egypt. International trade brought valuable resources and facilitated cultural exchange, further solidifying Egypt's position as a powerful and influential civilization in the ancient world.