- The concept of writing: The Greeks adopted the alphabetic system of writing from the Phoenicians, who had in turn adapted it from the earlier cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia.
- Mathematics and astronomy: The Greeks learned from the Mesopotamians about astronomy and mathematics, including geometry, algebra, and trigonometry.
- Architectural techniques: The Greeks were inspired by Mesopotamian architecture, particularly in the construction of temples and palaces, and the use of the arch and the vault.
From Egypt:
- Philosophy and religion: The Greeks were influenced by Egyptian religious and philosophical ideas.
- Art and sculpture: The Greeks admired and borrowed from Egyptian art and sculpture, particularly in the depiction of human figures.
- Architecture: The Greeks learned from the Egyptians about architecture, including the use of columns, capitals, and pediments, and the construction of pyramids and obelisks.
- Medicine and science: The Greeks also gained knowledge in the fields of medicine, astronomy, and mathematics from the Egyptians.