1. Pre-Columbian Origins: This theory suggests that syphilis existed in the Americas before European contact. Some researchers propose that it was endemic among indigenous populations in the Caribbean and South America. According to this theory, the disease was brought to Europe by members of Christopher Columbus's crew during their return voyage in 1493, and subsequently spread throughout the world.
2. European Origins: Another hypothesis suggests that syphilis originated in Europe and was present before Columbus's voyages. This theory posits that the disease emerged from a similar but non-venereal condition known as "endemic syphilis" or "treponematosis," which was endemic in certain regions of Europe. However, due to limited documentation and historical records, it's challenging to conclusively establish the precise origin of syphilis.