- Bloodletting: This was a widespread practice believed to remove "bad blood" from the body. Leeches or lancets were used to draw blood from the patient, and it was thought to be helpful for a variety of ailments, such as fevers, headaches, and infections.
- Herbal remedies: Many plants and herbs were used for their perceived medicinal properties. Some herbs commonly used in the 1600s included chamomile for digestive problems, willow bark for pain relief, and foxglove for heart conditions. However, the efficacy and safety of these remedies were not well-understood and could often be harmful.
- Cupping: This involved placing heated cups on the skin to create a suction effect. It was believed to draw out toxins and promote healing.
- Trephining: This was a surgical procedure where a hole was drilled into the skull to release evil spirits or relieve pressure.
- Amulets and charms: These were often used as a form of protection against illness, with the belief that they could ward off evil spirits or harmful influences.
In general, the understanding of human anatomy, physiology, and pathology was limited during this time, and medical practices were largely based on superstition, trial and error, and traditional beliefs. It wasn't until advancements in scientific research and the development of modern medicine in the following centuries that effective treatments and cures for various diseases began to emerge.