1. Urbanization: Civilization typically involves the emergence of cities or permanent settlements, where populations concentrate and engage in various economic activities, such as trade, agriculture, and manufacturing.
2. Centralized Governance: Civilized societies often have a central authority or governing body that enacts and enforces laws, maintaining social order and regulating various aspects of society.
3. Social Stratification: Civilizations often have a hierarchical structure, with different social classes or strata, such as rulers, elites, merchants, artisans, and agricultural workers.
4. Literacy and Written Records: The development of writing and literacy allows for the recording of information, knowledge, and history, enabling cultural transmission and the accumulation of knowledge over time.
5. Technological Advancements: Civilizations make significant technological advancements in various fields such as agriculture, engineering, transportation, and communication. These advancements enhance societal efficiency and productivity.
6. Cultural Achievements: Civilizations develop diverse forms of art, music, literature, philosophy, religion, and scientific inquiry. These achievements contribute to societal culture and the intellectual development of individuals.
7. Trade and Commerce: Civilized societies engage in trade and commerce, both locally and over long distances, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices.
8. Social Institutions: Civilizations have established institutions such as schools, temples, hospitals, and courts of law that fulfill specific societal functions and provide essential services to the population.
Overall, civilization refers to the advanced stage of human societal development characterized by complex social structures, cultural achievements, and technological progress that distinguishes it from simpler or less developed societies.