* Al-Idrisi (1099-1166) was a geographer who produced the most accurate world map of his time, the Tabula Rogeriana.
* Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) was a traveler who visited much of the known world and wrote a detailed account of his travels in the Rihlah.
* Al-Bakri (1014-1094) was a geographer and historian who wrote the Kitab al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik (“Book of Roads and Kingdoms”).
Medicine
* Ibn Sina (980-1037) was a physician, philosopher, and scientist who wrote the Canon of Medicine, which was the most influential medical textbook for centuries.
* Al-Zahrawi (936-1013) was a physician and surgeon who wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif, which is considered one of the most important surgical treatises in history.
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) was a physician who discovered the pulmonary circulation of blood.