- Reason and Science: The Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the importance of using human reason and scientific inquiry to understand the world. They believed that through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning, people could uncover the laws of nature and improve society.
- Individualism and Liberty: The Enlightenment philosophers argued for individual rights, freedoms, and liberties, including freedom of thought, speech, and religion. They believed that individuals should be free to make their own choices and pursue their own interests, as long as they did not harm others.
- Tolerance and Pluralism: Enlightenment thinkers promoted tolerance for different religions, cultures, and ideas. They argued that society should embrace diversity and allow for different viewpoints to coexist.
- Progress and Reform: The Enlightenment saw great potential for human progress through the application of reason, science, and education. They believed that society could be improved through political, economic, and social reforms based on the principles of justice, equality, and reason.
- Secularism: The Enlightenment challenged traditional religious authority and advocated for a more secular approach to government and society. They believed that religion should be a personal matter and should not interfere in political affairs.
- Criticism of Absolutism: Enlightenment philosophers criticized absolute monarchies and promoted constitutional governments based on the principles of separation of powers, rule of law, and popular sovereignty. They argued that the power of the state should be limited to protect individual rights and freedoms.