The Maya heartland experienced multiple natural disasters, such as prolonged droughts and volcanic eruptions, which disrupted agriculture and trade, leading to a decline in the population.
2. War and Conflict
Increasing Warfare between city-states and shifting loyalties weakened many Maya polities. External pressures from neighboring groups like the Pipils, Toltecs, and Chontal Maya further destabilized the Maya civilization.
3. Political Fragmentation
The centralization and power of various Maya kingdoms gradually diminished as the city-states became increasingly independent and competed with each other for resources. This fragmentation weakened their collective resilience.
4. Trade Disruption
Changes in regional trade routes and the decline of long-distance trade networks disrupted economic activities, hampering the flow of essential resources and luxury items.
5. Ecological Changes
Alterations in the environment impacted agricultural productivity and access to water resources. Deforestation and overpopulation exacerbated these challenges.
6. Religious Change and Cultural Loss
The decline in royal patronage of the traditional Maya religion led to the loss of cultural and religious traditions, which were central to Maya society and identity.
While the combination of these factors contributed to the downfall of the classic Mayan civilization, it is important to note that the Maya society persisted in modified forms in various regions, with some Maya city-states surviving well beyond the 900s.