Last time, Peter the Great who created the Russian Empire Said, "I will leave the emperor to someone who is good for me," and even told him that he died without appointing the next emperor.
This time, Pyotr Later Russian Empire From Napoleon in France I will summarize how Russia moved in the midst of the appearance and turmoil throughout Europe.
The era of hardship after Pyotr
In Russia, there was no rule that the Empress was no good, so it was his wife Catherine who was recommended as a successor by the surroundings. And grandson Pyotr was. The candidate for successor was completely divided into two.
At this time, her wife eventually became the emperor for the first time as a woman, but she soon died.
After that, the short-lived government continued and there were few human resources, and Ivan VI was two months old. Peter the Great , partly because he became the emperor The Germans who have been summoned will take control of politics, economy, and military.
To be honest, it was an uninteresting time for Russia.
After all, Germans will love you, right? Peter the Great Daughter Elizaveta I She gathers under her and causes a coup d'etat, making her the emperor, but early on she loses her interest in her reign and begins to entrust her reign to the aristocrats who value her.
Such Elizaveta During his reign, the Imperial Moscow University was established and many battles took place. Among them, I would like to make a special mention against Prussia . ..
After forming an alliance with Austria and France, he started a war with Prussia. The background of this battle is the Habsburgs There is a succession problem, and the Austrian Succession War is related to this succession problem. And Silesian Wars Developed into. As we proceed to the battle involving many European countries, Russia will also participate in the battle.
Meanwhile, she continued to be bothered by her successor until her end. Originally Elizaveta She thought of her as "her nephew's Pyotr". .. ..
He was raised in Germany, and even when he came to Russia, he was particular about the German style and was getting antipathy from the surroundings. Elizaveta I The relationship with him didn't go well, and gradually Peter III Instead, I started thinking "to make her grandson a successor."
But in the end, the Silesian Wars of 1762 The Queen died, and it was her brother and sister's son Peter III who eventually became the emperor. was.
Peter III , who was also a German lover Is Prussia's Frederick II with his military talent and rational state management. I also respect him, and turned his aunt's policy into a war with Prussia ( Silesian Wars . After Austria vs. Prussia Seven Years' War I will cancel until the outbreak).
As a result of doing a lot of other things, Peter III Was disliked by aristocrats and military personnel and was banished and killed.
The successor to this was Peter III . Wife Catherine the Great .. Although she was from Prussia, she has always been trying to be Russian.
She was so well-studied that she was favored by aristocrats and was the flagship of the forces expelling her husband. French Enlightenment She is said to have been familiar with (see below for what her thoughts are).
Her time is a strict serf policy and territorial expansion. West Poland Prussia-Austria split in three countries Besides, Ottoman Empire in the south And secured her territory facing the Black Sea.
The coronation of Pavel (1796) and the appearance of Napoleon
She was energetically governing Russia Catherine II But in private, her son Pavel The relationship with was not going well.
Catherine the Great Her relationship with her husband is subtle and makes mistresses with each other, she says " Pavel Is the child of her mistress, "suggests in her memoirs.
The emperor Elizaveta , who was also her mother-in-law who wanted her successor. Pavel Is taken immediately Catherine the Great It is also said that she was not interested in her son.
So, Pavel She was raised under her grandmother without feeling the affection from her mother and hated her mother who banished her father and surrounded her many her mistresses. She has also suffered from a major illness that changes her appearance, and she has grown into a suspicious and violent personality.
That Pavel Is Catherine the Great He succeeds to become the emperor, but completely denies her mother's political policy. He enacted a new succession to the throne law, stipulating that heirs should be boys only.
Under his reign, the peasants began to move disturbingly. On the other hand, Pavel Tried to loosen the strict serfdom policy of his mother's generation, but the aristocrats who were worried that the farmers would not work were repulsed.
Not only that, but they also hated him because he was a military favorite and had some parts that were incompatible with the aristocrats.
It's hard to do just that, but Pavel The material that drives us will be born from another country.
Just around this time in the west, the French Revolution Is happening and Pavel Misunderstood how to deal with this revolution and worsened his relationship with the aristocrats.
What is the relationship between Russia and the French Revolution (1789-1799)?
French Revolution I haven't written an article about it yet, so to summarize it briefly, Bourgeois Revolution in France It points to.
Europe before the 17th and 18th centuries was absolute monarchy It was an era when people were busy.
France at that time Is
- It was a continuation of the war involving the whole of Europe
- American Revolutionary War Participated as the American side in
, my finances were getting worse.
Furthermore, in the midst of the rise of the scientific revolution and modern philosophy, a rational way of thinking that denies "authority of the church" and "feudal thought" and tries to advance society based on human reason [ Enlightenment thought ] Was developing.
Enlightenment Thought Is a denial of "feudal thinking", so it is naturally incompatible with the monarchy and is in a position to criticize it. As the Enlightenment develops further, liberalism seeks to free individuals from being held in a feudal position and to realize freedom. Thoughts will spread.
The French Revolution was linked to the deterioration of the national finances under the influence of the Enlightenment idea. was.
From the French Revolution "Storming of the Bastille" (wikipedia)
When some French aristocrats go into exile, they call on the courts of each country to overthrow the revolutionary government.
Countries that do not want to be affected by the prevalence of "overthrow and royal government" or whose daughters are married to France have often formed alliances to counter France. Russia Second Coalition with France with Austria and Prussia Tie French siege I was involved in.
The Great Alliance with France has been formed seven times. Britain is the only one to join all alliances in French Revolutionary War Is fighting.
The appearance of Napoleon and the correspondence of Pavel
A French siege was laid and the French Revolutionary War between France and European countries Napoleon Bonaparte who showed success in consecutive battles when Became enthusiastic as a French hero.
This Napoleon Is French Revolution Military dictatorship after trying to get rid of the confused country Will be established.
Pavel in Russia Was the throne of such Napoleon French Revolution was beginning to play an active role It was in the latter half of 1796.
He was Second Coalition with France two years after his coronation. I participated in the event and was hostile to France, but as a soldier Napoleon Respected and later withdrew from the alliance. Neither was an action in the national interest, so the infamy of whimsical and dark-kun still remains (although it is actually unknown because it is an evaluation spelled out by his opponents).
In the end, as a result of widespread dissatisfaction following these selfish policies, Pavel in 1801. Has been assassinated.
Alexander I's coronation
Pavel It was his son Alexander I who succeeded him. (1801-1825).
Alexander I Young aristocrats who participated in numerous wars, including, will be exposed to the free air of Western society, and a new trend will be born in Russia. Serf liberation However, the opposition of the domestic conservatives did not reach the point of liberation.
From Alexander I (wikipedia)
On the other hand, his foreign policy in the early days was British . Also France I was doing "equidistant diplomacy" not to get too close to. However, when he visited France, he Napoleon From now on, he feels his ambition and begins to consider it dangerous.
↑ It seems that they thought about this, and it seems that they didn't go well with each other.
French Revolutionary War The war that had been going on intermittently since then remained even after Napoleon created a military government, and eventually Napoleonic Wars conflict We will rush into (1803-1815).
Napoleon in 1804 Alexander I when he became emperor and took control of France The following year, Third Great Alliance with France with neighboring countries Tie and check.
However, Russia is completely defeated by the French army and has no choice but to cooperate.
Napoleon in such a situation Is a continental blockade UK I'm trying to hunt down, but the developed country UK It is a big pain for Russia that the product of is not included. Russia continued to trade secretly.
This trade is Napoleon As a result of being angry, 1812 Russia expedition (Russia's homeland war) was carried out.
Russian expedition (1812)
When I started the expedition, it was still June and the Russian troops were defeated in various places. .. .. It's September Napoleon Is Moscow Upon entering, all lifelines in Moscow were stopped by Russian operations, and Moscow was a hollow shell.
Furthermore, Napoleon French troops fail to procure food shortly before winter as Russian troops (organized) set fire to Moscow that night when they entered the castle.
The French troops remained in Moscow, seeking three consensus, and finally began withdrawing on October 19.
Winters in Russia are early with an average minimum temperature of 2.6 degrees Celsius in October (2010-2014 average). Since it is late, it may have been below freezing. Since it took a long time for soldiers to retreat because the horses starved to death or to survive hunger, even in November, they could not be brought in until complete withdrawal, and in addition to hunger, many people became frostbite.
In this way, the Russian army defeated the French army on the side of General Winter, and each country took this opportunity to anti- Napoleon . To take the action of. Thus Napoleon Was driven to the point of loss, and this Napoleon Congress of Vienna I decided on.
Russia after the Concert of Europe
Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe the international order of Europe created in (1814-1815) Russia as a rescuer of Europe
- Grand Duchy of Finland where the Emperor of Russia is the Grand Duke Approve
- Ceding Bessarabia (now part of Moldova Ukraine) from the Ottoman Empire
- Most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw Congress Poland And the Russian emperor also serves as the king ( Fourth partition of Poland )
.
On the other hand, the more you go to and from Western Europe, the more people in Russia will be aware of the delay in their own country. Once Alexander I It was a road that I had taken, but some of them began to reveal the secrets of the assassination of the emperor in an attempt to move things radically.
Alexander I , who should have thought similar to the radicals when he was young However, when this assassination secret was discovered, it began to move in the direction of suppressing the liberal movement.
If liberalism is left unchecked, the risk of revolutions and coups will increase later.
Education in new fields of study in Europe (such as logic and ethics) will be banned and Bible education will be enforced.
While these movements are intensifying and the number of dissidents is increasing, what will be the means and timing of the armed uprising, and what will happen to the political system beyond that even if the armed uprising occurs? Opinions are disjointed. The dissidents couldn't get together and didn't take action.
Alexander I He sought salvation from his religion and withdrew from politics, while he died suddenly in 1825.
However, his younger brother Nikolai Politics stopped because he didn't tell him to take over the Tsar. Young people who appealed for the revolution uprised in that gap, but since this area will be long, I will summarize it next time.
Thus Alexander I Napoleonic Wars in the age of Russia, which suddenly emerged as a military power, entered an era of reform after this.