The theme this time is about civilizations in Southeast Asia. It is a chronological table of the flow written in the textbook, changing the taste from the articles so far.
If you want to know the place name etc., please see the article below. The map in this article is handwritten, so the details are out of alignment, so don't be afraid. It would be helpful if you could think of it as an approximate position.
Let's take a look at the history of the continental Southeast Asia
Speaking of around 3000 BC, it was around the time when the concept of a nation began to emerge as civilization began to emerge, but it was around the 2nd century BC that a country-like unity began to form in Southeast Asia.
It seems that the country that was completed around the 2nd century BC was not a unified nation but a city-state.
- Around 3000 BC [Continental part of Southeast Asia] Mon-Khmer people settled
- End of 2000 BC [Vietnam-Northern Thailand] Bronze ware begins to be produced
- 4th century BC Dong Son culture [Northern Vietnam] Unique bronze and iron farm tools are produced What is Dong Son Culture?
It is a region centered on northern Vietnam on the eastern side of the Indochina Peninsula, and is said to have been established under the influence of China until about the 1st century. "Dong drum" is said to be the most characteristic of Dong Son culture.
"Dong drum" made in Dong Son culture (from Wikipedia)
It started in Kunming, China, and spread to northern Vietnam, and gradually spread to the Indochina Peninsula such as Thailand, and even farther islands. You can see the breadth of trade. The one-sided drum is used for rituals such as begging for rain.
- Around the 2nd century BC? [Lower Irrawaddy River] Pew A nation can be created by humans Learn more about the Pyu nation
A walled city was discovered in the Irrawaddy River basin in a country that occurred around the Irrawaddy and Salween rivers in Burma (now Myanmar). Today, it is the oldest archaeological site where Buddhism can be seen in Southeast Asia.
As you can see from the influence of Buddhism, it seems that the influence from India was very large. It is said that the walled city was controlled by each leader, and depending on the season, it also managed rare water resources.
We also make industrial products made of terracotta, iron, gold, silver and semi-precious stones, and we also carry out a wide range of trade. Trade is carried out by money, and money called Pyucoin has been excavated in Southeast Asian countries centering on Vietnam's port city, Okeo.
Pew Ancient Cities
The three city ruins of Harin, Beitano and Shree Kushetra were registered as Myanmar's first World Heritage Site in 2014.Photo:Pew Ancient City © Faculty of Archeology, National Museum and Library
- Around AD [Overall Southeast Asia] Exchanges between India and China become active
* China at this time is Han
In the era, the first nation-like nation called Funan was born in Southeast Asia. Being between large powers such as India and China, it developed by mediating trade.
Nearly 100 years after the founding of Funan, Champa began to strengthen in central Vietnam, and after a while, Cambodia (Chenla), which was subordinate to Funan, began to strengthen and reached its peak in the Angkor dynasty around the 11th century.
In addition, nations have begun to form in northern Thailand and the lower Irrawaddy River.
- End of the 1st century [Lower Mekong River] Funan (Funan) was founded What is Funan?
It is a country located in the present southern Vietnam-Cambodia that prospered in the delta area in the lower reaches of the Mekong River. There is a myth that Brahmin and a local woman who came from India married to form a country. In Funan, in addition to buildings such as temples and warehouses, waterways and public baths were excavated.
There is a city called Okeo in such a typical port city of Funan Kingdom. In addition to trading with the country of Pyu, excavated items from neighboring powers China and India have also been found, and even gold coins of the Roman Empire have been found. You can see that we were trading in a very wide range.
However, the prosperity is inevitable. As the navigation technology in each region improved, it gradually declined from the East-West trade route.
- End of 2nd Century [Central Vietnam] Champer Is founded
About ChampaChampers around the 7th and 9th centuries
It is a country originated by the Cham people in central Vietnam and is called Lin-eup in China. Nha Trang, which is mentioned as an important port city that prospered in Champa, is still known as a resort area and seems to support the local economy as an important port.
Champer worshiped Hinduism, while Pew worshiped Buddhism.
Myson Sanctuary
The Myson Sanctuary is located in the middle of a small mountain about 15 km west of the capital of the early Champa Kingdom. There is a building constructed of bricks, and you can also see the sandstone relief depicting a scene of Hindu mythology and the symbol of Lord Shiva, the lingam.Photo:Myson Sanctuary © OUR PLACE World Heritage Collection
- End of 4th century-5th century [Overall Southeast Asia] "Indianization" occurs in a wide range
- 6th century [Middle course of the Mekong River] Cambodia by Khmer people Is founded Learn more about Cambodia
Cambodia around the 7th-9th centuries (Chenla)
He worshiped Hinduism in the early Khmer kingdom, also known as Chenla. Known as a subordinate country of Funan in 550, it later became independent. The power relationship is also reversed and it is contained in a form that occupies and absorbs Funan.
- 7th century [Mekon river middle course] Funan Is destroyed
- 7th century [Lower Chao Phraya River] Dvara Lavaty Kingdom by Hmong Is founded Learn more about the Kingdom of Dvara Lavaty
Around the 7th-9th centuries
It is a country by Hmong people like a group of city-states in the Chao Phraya River basin. Around the 7th and 9th centuries, it was located between the Pyu people's nations and Cambodia, and Theravada Buddhism was worshiped.
There is only a nation originally discovered by art history researchers, and Buddhist art and buildings with unique styles have been found.
* The above map was drawn with reference to the textbook.
- 9th century [Irawaddy River basin] The nation of Pyu people disappears
- 9th Century [Cambodia] Khmer Empire Learn more about the Khmer Empire
Khmer Empire around the 11th century
Jayavarman II unifies Chenla, who split in the 8th century. The Angkor dynasty boasted the heyday of Cambodia, and it is also the country that became the origin of Cambodia today.
Due to the strong influence of Hinduism, the Hindu temple called Angkor Wat (built by Suryavarman II in the 12th century) remains in Angkor, where the capital was located after the 9th century, and it is a force even in a part of the Malay Peninsula. Is stretching.
* Suryavarman II built a royal palace on the land adjacent to Angkor and built Angkor Wat to suppress the nation, so to be exact, Angkor was no longer the royal capital by the time Angkor Wat was created.
encore
It is a world heritage site of about 400 square kilometers north of Tonle Sap Lake. Not only numerous temples, but also embankments, reservoirs, canals and communication routes have been developed, and it seems that you can see an outstanding civilization.Photo:Angkor (Cambodia) © Ko Hon Chiu Vincent
- End of the 10th century [Vietnam] Since the Western Han, the northern region has belonged to China, but it allows independence.
- Early 11th century [Vietnam] Ogoshi (Divedo) Country Li Dynasty Is established What is Ogoshi?
A dynasty founded in northern Vietnam by Lý Thái Tong in 1009, away from the influence of China. It is also the first Vietnamese dynasty in history.
The end begins with the influence of traditionally strong tribes and the emperor's consort kin (Tran Thu Do), who has been dominated by repeated disasters, urging the emperor of the Ly Dynasty to transfer the throne to his young daughter. The Ly Dynasty came to an end by making the child's daughter the last empress, marrying Tran Thu Do's nephew (the same year as the empress), and taking her nephew to the throne. ..
- 11th Century [Lower Irrawaddy River] Pagan Kingdom Learn more about the Pagan Kingdom
The Pagan Kingdom around the 11th and 12th centuries
It is a country by the Burmese tribe that took place in present-day Myanmar. Theravada Buddhism became widespread due to active exchanges with Sri Lanka.
Pagan, the capital, is a region with little rainfall and is far from rice, but there are rice producing areas in the east and west, and it was possible to cover a certain population.
- 1225 [Vietnam] Ogoshi Tran Dynasty What is Tran Dynasty?
Founded in 1225. Like the Ly Dynasty, the southern part did not reach wide-area control because Champa existed as a countervailing force, but it will build its own culture, such as the creation of characters called Chunom using Chinese characters. ..
The era when the Tran Dynasty existed was the time when the Mongol Empire, a considerable power in the history of world history, existed in the north.
The Mongol Empire takes an expanding route in all directions. The power has expanded to Russia and Iran in the west and to northern China in the east. After changing the original and national names, he sent an expeditionary force to the Tran Dynasty in the middle of the 13th century.
The original expeditionary force invaded three times, but all of them were repelled. It became a notch for raising the national prestige of Vietnam. It was such a Tran Dynasty, but in the 14th century, when the relationship with Champa deteriorated and the number of conflicts increased, it gradually lost its power.
In the meantime, the real power of the Tran Dynasty fell into the hands of the shogun, and it was destroyed in 1400.
- Mid 13th century [Northern Thailand] Sukhothai Learn more about Sukhothai
It is a Thai dynasty that started in the middle of the 13th century. It is said that the country was established in the midst of the decline of the Angkor dynasty, moving south from the area of Yunnan Province in China, where the Thai people originally lived.
The remains of many Buddhist temples are left in the Sukhothai dynasty. Buddhism was protected under the auspices of the royal family and can still be seen today.
Sukhothai
The first capital of the Kingdom of Thailand in the 13th and 14th centuries. As Southeast Asia has a lot of trade, Sukhothai also traded with India and China. Above all, Sukhothai was the center of the ceramic export industry.Photo:From a historic town related to the historic town of Sukhothai
Let's take a look at the history of the Southeast Asian Islands
The country's rise in the islands of Southeast Asia was delayed from the continental part in the middle of the 7th century. The earliest was Sumatra, which is close to the Malay Peninsula. Then, the country will start to rise on Java Island.
- Around AD [Overall Southeast Asia] Exchanges between India and China become active
- End of 4th century-5th century [Overall Southeast Asia] "Indianization" occurs in a wide range
- Mid-7th Century [Sumatra] Srivijaya Kingdom Is established What is the Kingdom of Shree Vijaya?
As you can see from the map, it is a country established from the northeastern part of Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and part of Java Island. The Kingdom of Srivijaya was full of Mahayana Buddhist beliefs. The characteristic of this area is that it dominated the Malacca Strait, which is an indispensable route for trade. We trade with China and India.
The Kingdom of Shree Vijaya moved to other countries in the delta area of the Mekong River around the 6th century after Cambodia (Chenla) was promoted to the Malay Peninsula in Thailand and Funan established an asylum administration. It is said that it was made by absorbing it.
The genealogy of Funan, which had developed as a port city including Okeo, may have been the reason why it prospered as a trading city because there were many people who were bright about trading know-how.
- 732 [Java Island] Mataram Morning Is born What is the Mataram dynasty?
A prosperous kingdom in central Java, it prospered in the 8th and 9th centuries. It is also called the Old Mataram Kingdom to distinguish it from the Mataram Kingdom that emerged in later times. Central Java was the largest rice-producing region in the islands of Southeast Asia. Dominated the fertile agricultural area.
The Prambanan Temple ruins, built in the second half of the 9th century, are known as the center of worship of Lord Shiva (that is, they follow Hinduism).
- 752 years? [Java] Shirendra Morning Is born What is the Shailendra dynasty?
Borobudur ruins (from wikipedia Shailendra dynasty)It is a port city nation that worships Buddhism that emerged in central Java. It also cooperates with the Kingdom of Srivijaya, which also believes in Buddhism, and later reaches the United States (it is unknown whether Srivijaya advanced or, conversely, the Shailendra dynasty reigned) and continues to prosper.
The details of the relationship with the Mataram dynasty are unknown, but there was a time when the Mataram dynasty was down when the Shailendra dynasty was dominant. It seems that the two were not hostile, but after the Buddhist temple called Borobudur was built, the Hindu power gradually increased.
The history of Southeast Asia around this time is not really well understood. There is a lot of unclear history, and future clarification is awaited.