The 19th century is not only an era of wars, but also of technological progress. It was in this century that numerous scientific discoveries were made, revolutionary inventions were created. The beginning of the century is characterized by the Napoleonic warriors. Several coalitions of European powers could not defeat Napoleon in any way, but in the end they did succeed. In South America, a series of wars of independence took place, new states were created. France periodically changed its political system, Russia fought with Persia and Turkey, England fought opium warriors with China, and a civil war took place in the USA. Also in this century, serfdom was abolished in Russia, the German Empire was created, first the First, then the Second Internationals were founded. And also many other interesting events…
1801 Palace coup in Russia. Assassination of Emperor Paul I, accession to the throne of Alexander I
1804 By decision of the French Senate, Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Hereditary Emperor of France. Accession to Russia of the Ganja Khanate (Azerbaijan)
1805 War of the Third Coalition (Russian-Austrian-French War). The battle of Trafalgar, in which the British fleet destroyed the combined Franco-Spanish fleet of Napoleon. Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy by Napoleon in Northern Italy. Battle of Austerlitz ("Battle of the Three Emperors") between Russia, Austria and France. The collapse of the Third Anti-French Coalition
1806 Confederation of the Rhine part of the German principalities. Liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire. Introduction by France of the continental blockade of England. Treaty of Tilsit between Russia and France
1806-1812 Russo-Turkish War
1808-1809 The last Russian-Swedish war. The victory of Russia and the entry into its composition of the Grand Duchy of Finland
1809 War of the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition
1809-1825 The Bolivian War of Independence is an uprising against Spanish domination
1810-1824 Anti-Spanish uprisings in South America. Creation of independent states - Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico
1812 Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Patriotic War of 1812 Battle of Borodino. Capture of Moscow. Retreat of Napoleon's troops. Battle on the Berezina River
1812-1815 Anglo-American War. Treaty of Ghent
1813 "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig, the defeat of France
1814-1815 The capture of Paris by the troops of the anti-Napoleonic coalition. Restoration of the monarchy in France. Vienna International Congress. Treaty of Paris
1815 "One Hundred Days" - the seizure of power by Napoleon. Defeat of Bonaparte's army at Waterloo. Creation of the Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia and Austria) to maintain the international order established at the Congress of Vienna (1815)
1815-1830 The second restoration of the monarchy in France
1822 Brazil declared independence from Portugal. Declaration of the Brazilian Empire
1823 "Monroe Doctrine" (US declaration of both American continents as a zone closed to European colonization)
1823-1826 First Anglo-Burmese War. Anglo-Ashanti war (the struggle of the Ashanti Confederation against British troops in the territory of modern Ghana)
1825 The Decembrist uprising is an attempted coup d'état in Russia with the aim of liberalizing the Russian socio-political system and preventing the accession to the throne of Nicholas I
1826-1828 Russian-Persian war for dominance in the Transcaucasus and the Caspian. Turkmanchay Peace Treaty
1828-1829 Russian-Turkish war. Defeat of Turkey. Treaty of Adrianople
1830 The July Revolution in France
1830-1831 National liberation uprising in Poland against the power of the Russian Empire
1833-1839 First Carlist War - Spanish Civil War
1834-1843 Spanish Revolution
1840-1842 First Opium War (Britain's war against China's Qing Empire). British capture of Hong Kong. Treaty of Nanjing
1846-1848 Mexican-American Territorial War. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 February Revolution in France. Fall of the July Monarchy. Establishment of the Second Republic
1848-1849 Bourgeois-democratic revolution in the German Confederation, Austria, Hungary
1848-1852 Second Republic in France
1849 Completion of the English colonization of India
1850-1864 Taiping peasant uprising against the Manchu Qing Empire and foreign colonizers
1852-1870 Second Empire in France
1853-1856 The Crimean War of the Russian Empire against a coalition of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Russian defeat. Treaty of Paris
1856-1860 Second Opium War (Great Britain and France against the Qing Empire). Defeat of the Qing Empire. Beijing Treaty
1857-1859 Sepoy rebellion (mutiny of Indian soldiers against the colonial policy of the British)
1858 Aigun Treaty between Russia and China on the border, trade
1859 Second Italian War of Independence (France and Sardinia against the Austrian Empire)
1860 Unification of the Kingdom of Italy
1861 The abolition of serfdom in Russia
1861-1865 American Civil War (war between the states of the North and the 11 slave states of the South)
1864 Foundation of the First International - an international association of socialist workers' parties
1866-1868 Russian-Bukhara war
1867 Restoration of imperial power in Japan, the fall of the shogunate
1870 September Revolution in Paris. The overthrow of Napoleon III. Fall of the Second Empire
1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War
1870-1940 Third Republic in France
1871 Creation of the German Empire. Paris Commune
1873 The Khiva Khanate recognized itself as a vassal of Russia. Treaty of Gendemian
1874 Vietnam recognized France's ownership of the entire territory of South Vietnam
1877 Satsuma samurai rebellion led by Saigo Takamori against the Meiji reform
1877-1878 Russian-Turkish war. Treaty of San Stefano
1881 The assassination of the Russian Tsar Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya. The Mahdi uprising in Sudan against the Turks and the British
1882 Anglo-Egyptian War. Defeat of Egypt. Establishment of the Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany)
1884-1885 The Berlin Conference (discussion of the division of Africa between European powers) led to the active colonization of Africa
1889 Founding of the Second International
1894 Creation of the International Olympic Committee. Resumption of the Olympic Games
1894-1895 Japanese-Chinese war. Defeat of the Qing Empire.
1895-1896 First Abyssinian War (Italo-Ethiopian War). Defeat of the Italian army. Addis Ababa Peace Treaty
1896 Coronation of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II. Khodynskaya tragedy
1898 Spanish-American War
1899-1901 Yihetuan uprising ("Boxer Rebellion") in China. Final Protocol
1899-1902 The Anglo-Boer War, which ended with the victory of the British Empire (Great Britain against the Boer republics - the Republic of South Africa and the Orange Free State)