1) Both monarchy and republic are forms of government in which the power is invested in a single entity. In a monarchy, the power is vested in the monarch, who is usually hereditary. In a republic, the power is vested in the people, who elect representatives to exercise it.
2) Both monarchy and republic have a head of state. In a monarchy, the head of state is the monarch. In a republic, the head of state is the president or prime minister.
3) Both monarchy and republic have a government. In a monarchy, the government is formed by the monarch and their ministers. In a republic, the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people.
4) Both monarchy and republic have laws. In a monarchy, the laws are made by the monarch or by the monarch and the parliament. In a republic, the laws are made by the elected representatives of the people.
5) Both monarchy and republic have a military. In a monarchy, the military is usually commanded by the monarch or by a general appointed by the monarch. In a republic, the military is usually commanded by a general appointed by the elected representatives of the people.
6) Both monarchy and republic have a civil service. In a monarchy, the civil service is usually appointed by the monarch or by the monarch's ministers. In a republic, the civil service is usually appointed by the elected representatives of the people.
7) Both monarchy and republic have a justice system. In a monarchy, the justice system is usually based on the laws made by the monarch or by the monarch and the parliament. In a republic, the justice system is usually based on the laws made by the elected representatives of the people.
8) Both monarchy and republic have a constitution. In a monarchy, the constitution is usually written or unwritten and it defines the powers of the monarch and the government. In a republic, the constitution is written and it defines the powers of the government and the rights of the citizens.