Details:
1. Social hierarchy:
- Spanish-born individuals held the highest social status and were referred to as "Peninsulares." They held most of the positions of power, such as government officials, landowners, and high-ranking members of the Catholic Church.
- "Creoles," or individuals born in New Spain to Spanish parents, were considered lower in status than Peninsulares but were still considered part of the elite class.
- Indigenous peoples, or "Indians," made up the majority of the population and were at the bottom of the hierarchy. They were subjected to forced labor and various forms of discrimination.
- "Mestizos," individuals of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry, had an intermediate status and often held skilled positions such as artisans, traders, or lower-level officials.
- African slaves were also present, brought from Africa to serve as laborers. They faced harsh conditions and were considered the lowest social group in New Spain.
2. Economic structure:
- The economy of New Spain was primarily based on agriculture, mining, and trade.
- Spanish elites controlled most of the land, minerals, and trade routes.
- Indigenous peoples were forced into labor on plantations, mines, and various industries, where they were often exploited.
- The "encomienda" system allowed Spanish individuals to receive grants of indigenous labor from the Spanish crown.
- The Catholic Church played a crucial role in society, owning vast lands, controlling education, and acting as the primary provider of social welfare.
3. Cultural fusion:
- The encounter of Spanish and indigenous cultures resulted in a complex cultural fusion.
- Spanish language, religion (Catholicism), and customs became dominant, while indigenous languages, customs, and traditions persisted in various regions.
- Syncretic religious practices and art emerged, blending elements from both cultures.
- The process of cultural fusion was slow and complex, evolving over several generations.