1.Unification Goals: Garibaldi's dream was to create a unified, independent, and republican Italy. He sought to free Italy from foreign influence, particularly from the Austrian Empire, and establish a unified nation based on democratic principles. In contrast, Bismarck primarily aimed to unify the German states into a powerful, centralized, and monarchical nation-state. He prioritized establishing Prussia's dominance and creating a strong German Empire.
2.Methods and Strategies: Garibaldi's approach was characterized by military campaigns and popular uprisings. He often led volunteer forces known as "Red Shirts" in various military expeditions to liberate Italian regions from foreign control. Bismarck, on the other hand, opted for a combination of diplomacy, realpolitik, and military strategy known as "Blood and Iron" to achieve his goals. He engaged in wars and alliances to bring smaller German states under the Prussian crown.
3.Role of Nationalism: Garibaldi's vision was rooted in Romantic nationalism, characterized by a strong emphasis on cultural heritage, national unity, and popular aspirations. He sought to unite Italy based on shared language, history, and a sense of national belonging. In contrast, Bismarck's nationalism was more pragmatic and centered around Prussian leadership, military strength, and economic prosperity. He used nationalist sentiment as a tool to mobilize the German people and justify territorial acquisitions.
4.Foreign Policy and Alliances: Garibaldi's foreign policy was driven by the desire to secure support for Italian unification. He formed alliances with other European countries, such as France, to gain military assistance and recognition for the new Italian nation. Bismarck's foreign policy was centered around maintaining a balance of power in Europe and preventing alliances that could threaten Prussia or Germany's interests. He formed strategic alliances but was cautious not to provoke other major powers unnecessarily.
5.Political Ideals: Garibaldi's political ideals were closer to republicanism and democracy. He believed in citizens' participation, social equality, and human rights. In contrast, Bismarck's political convictions leaned towards conservatism and authoritarianism. He favored strong centralized rule and maintained the monarchy and aristocratic privileges in Germany.
In summary, while both Garibaldi and Bismarck sought to unify their respective nations, their dreams differed in terms of their goals, strategies of unification, interpretation of nationalism, foreign policy, and political ideologies. Garibaldi aimed to create a unified and democratic Italian republic, while Bismarck sought to establish a strong, centralized German Empire under Prussian dominance. Their approaches reflected the complexities and variations in nationalist movements across 19th-Century Europe.