- Gained control over vast territories in North America, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa. French settlements included Canada, Louisiana, Saint Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and Senegal.
- Increased its influence through exploration, colonization, and imperial expansion.
England (later Great Britain):
- Established colonies in North America (including Jamestown in 1607) and the Caribbean.
- Dominated the transatlantic slave trade, further expanding its imperial power.
- Contested territories and influence with other European powers, particularly France.
Netherlands (Dutch Republic):
- Expanded their overseas territories, focusing on trade, commerce, and establishing trading posts.
- Controlled regions such as the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), parts of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and the Cape Colony in South Africa.
Portugal:
- Retained control over its existing colonies in Africa, Brazil, and parts of Asia, such as Goa and Macau.
Russia:
- Continued to expand eastward towards Siberia and the Pacific, consolidating its territory and imperial influence.