1. Territorial Losses: Germany lost significant territories, including Alsace-Lorraine to France, Eupen-Malmédy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, and West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia to Poland.
2. War Guilt Clause (Article 231): Germany was held solely responsible for causing the war and was forced to accept the "war guilt clause." This provision was widely resented in Germany and contributed to the rise of nationalism.
3. Reparations: Germany was required to pay substantial reparations to the Allied Powers, totaling 132 billion gold marks (approximately £6.6 billion or $26 billion at the time). The payments were to be made over a period of 30 years.
4. Military Restrictions: Germany's military was severely limited. The German army was reduced to 100,000 troops, conscription was abolished, the air force was disbanded, and the navy was restricted to a few ships.
5. Rhineland Demilitarization: The Rhineland, a region along the western border of Germany, was demilitarized. The Allied Powers were granted the right to occupy the Rhineland for a period of 15 years.
6. League of Nations Mandate: Germany lost all of its overseas colonies, which were distributed among the Allied Powers as "mandates" under the League of Nations.
7. Anschluss Prohibition: Germany was forbidden from uniting (Anschluss) with Austria, which was also prohibited from joining Germany without the consent of the League of Nations.
These demands were seen by many Germans as harsh and punitive, and they contributed to significant resentment and economic difficulties in the years following World War I, exacerbating the social and political conditions that eventually led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany.