- Beginning in the late 15th century, European powers established colonies in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. These colonies provided a steady supply of raw materials, such as cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rubber, which were essential for Europe's growing industries.
From other parts of the world through trade
- Europe also obtained raw materials from other parts of the world through trade. For example, it imported silk from China, spices from India, and furs from North America.
From within Europe itself
- Europe also had its own sources of raw materials, such as coal, iron ore, and timber. These resources were essential for the development of Europe's industrial economy.