Food shortages: The Russian Empire experienced severe food shortages during World War I, particularly in urban areas. This led to widespread hunger and discontent among the population.
Economic difficulties: The war put a strain on the Russian economy, leading to inflation, unemployment, and a decline in industrial production. These economic problems further eroded public support for the government.
Military setbacks: The Russian army suffered a series of defeats during World War I, losing large territories to the Central Powers. These defeats further undermined the morale of the troops and the confidence of the people in the government's ability to effectively wage war.
Political instability: The Russian government under Tsar Nicholas II was perceived as corrupt, inefficient, and out of touch with the needs of the people. This led to widespread political unrest and calls for reform or revolution.
Bolshevik organization and propaganda: The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, was well-organized and effective in spreading its message and mobilizing support among the working class, peasants, and soldiers. Their call for "Peace, Land, and Bread" resonated with many Russians who were tired of the war, poverty, and oppression.
Kerensky's Provisional Government: The weakness and unpopularity of the Provisional Government, which replaced the tsarist regime after the February Revolution, created a power vacuum that the Bolsheviks were able to exploit.
Lenin's arrival and "Ten Days That Shook the World:" Lenin's return to Russia from exile in April 1917 provided a decisive leadership to the Bolshevik cause. He presented the "April Theses," outlining the party's program for seizing power. The Bolsheviks then organized the October Revolution, known as the "Ten Days That Shook the World," which ultimately resulted in their takeover of the government.