- Estimated $338 billion in direct war costs by 1919
- $20 trillion in present day terms
- Loss of 10-13 million lives
- Devastation of infrastructure and agricultural land
Human Costs
- 10 million military deaths
- 21-25 million civilian deaths
- Millions more wounded and maimed
- Spread of disease and the 1918 Flu Pandemic
- Dislocation and displacement of millions
- Widows, orphans, and homeless
Long-Term Impacts
- Rise of Fascism and World War II
- Redrawing of political boundaries
- Economic disruption and reparations
- Social and psychological trauma
- Legacy of war debt and economic instability