1. Pan-Slavism and Nationalism:
- Russia, as the largest Slavic nation, held a strong sense of Pan-Slavism, which promoted the unity of all Slavic peoples.
- In the Balkans, Slavic nations like Serbia and Montenegro were facing the threat of Austro-Hungarian expansionism. Russia felt compelled to protect its Slavic brethren and safeguard their interests in the region.
2. Alliance Commitments:
- Russia had a defensive alliance with Serbia, formed in 1878. Under the terms of this alliance, Russia was obligated to come to Serbia's aid if the latter was attacked.
- When Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia in July 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Russia felt duty-bound to support its ally and prevent its humiliation.
3. Rivalry with Germany and Austria-Hungary:
- Russia had long-standing tensions with Germany and Austria-Hungary, particularly over territorial and political disputes.
- Germany, under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II, was building up its military power and engaging in aggressive diplomacy, which raised concerns in Russia.
4. Territorial Ambitions:
- Russia had territorial aspirations in the Balkans and sought to expand its influence in the region by supporting Serbia and Montenegro.
- Russia hoped to gain access to the warm water ports of the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, which would be advantageous for its trade and naval operations.
5. Domino Effect:
- Russia feared that if Serbia was allowed to be crushed by Austria-Hungary, it would create a domino effect across the Balkans and destabilize the entire region.
- This could potentially lead to the collapse of the Russian Empire's influence in Eastern Europe and beyond.
While imperialism was certainly a factor in Russia's foreign policy, it was intertwined with other geopolitical and national interests. Russia's decision to enter World War I was primarily motivated by a desire to protect its Slavic allies, fulfill alliance commitments, counterbalance the growing power of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and secure its own strategic and territorial objectives in the Balkans and Eastern Europe.