- Humanism replaced theocentric perspective with more individualistic, inquisitive ideas.
- Art, literature, science, and philosophy flourished.
- Ancient texts and classical learning were revived, impacting education.
- Universities expanded and patronage for the arts increased.
2. Art and Architecture:
- Transition from medieval to Renaissance styles (Renaissance art).
- Emphasis on naturalism, human form, accurate depiction of details, perspective.
- Renaissance masterpieces include Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa," Michelangelo's "David."
3. Scientific Revolution:
- Renaissance laid groundwork for intellectual development leading to Scientific Revolution.
- Scientific curiosity, empiricism, and mathematical methods emerged.
- Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton made significant contributions to scientific understanding.
4. Exploration and Discovery:
- European explorers like Vasco da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan undertook voyages of discovery.
- These explorations expanded European knowledge, opened new trade routes, led to colonization.
- Discovery of the Americas initiated Columbian Exchange.
5. Political Evolution:
- Transition from feudalism to centralized nation-states.
- Rise of powerful monarchies (England, France, Spain) and decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
- Emergence of diplomacy and statecraft (Niccolò Machiavelli's "The Prince").
6. Social Changes:
- Increased social mobility and rise of the merchant class.
- Impact on women: education, writings, and artistic contributions increased.
- Shift in societal values towards individualism and worldly accomplishments.
7. Printing Revolution:
- Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized communication.
- Books, pamphlets, and scientific treatises became widely accessible.
- Information dissemination and literacy rates increased.
8. Expansion of Knowledge:
- Ancient Greek and Roman texts became widely available, providing new insights across fields.
- Translation of Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew works.
- Advancement in math (algebra), anatomy (Vesalius), natural philosophy, cartography.
9. Scientific instruments:
- Development of instruments such as the telescope and compass expanded human understanding of the universe and navigation.
10. Spread of Ideas:
- Renaissance influenced distant regions through trade, exploration, and cultural exchanges.
- The Renaissance laid the foundation for the modern era, shaping Europe's cultural, scientific, and political trajectory.