- Germany lost significant territories, including Alsace-Lorraine to France and Eupen-Malmédy to Belgium.
- The Rhineland was demilitarized, reducing Germany's defensive capabilities.
- Germany was forced to pay substantial reparations, leading to economic instability and resentment.
- The "war guilt" clause placed sole blame on Germany for starting the war, fueling German nationalism and revanchism.
Treaty of Saint-Germain (Austria):
- The Austro-Hungarian Empire was dismantled, resulting in the creation of new states like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
- Austria lost significant territories, including South Tyrol to Italy and Transylvania to Romania.
- The treaty caused economic hardships and political unrest in Austria.
Treaty of Trianon (Hungary):
- Hungary faced significant territorial losses, with lands ceded to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
- The treaty sparked discontent and contributed to the rise of nationalist and revisionist movements in Hungary.
Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria):
- Bulgaria lost territories to Yugoslavia and Greece, restricting its access to the Aegean Sea.
- Economic challenges arose from reparations payments and the loss of important economic regions.
Treaty of Sèvres (Ottoman Empire):
- The Ottoman Empire was partitioned, resulting in the emergence of new countries such as Turkey, Iraq, and Syria.
- Greece gained control of Smyrna, leading to tensions with Turkey and the eventual Turkish War of Independence.
- The treaty was later replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
These treaties collectively led to significant changes in European geopolitical landscapes, economic challenges, and the rise of nationalist sentiments. The post-war period was characterized by instability and the seeds of future conflicts.