1. Advancements in Shipbuilding:
- Development of larger, more stable ships known as caravels, which could handle longer voyages and withstand rough seas.
- Use of lateen sails that improved maneuverability and sailing efficiency.
2. Navigational Instruments:
- Introduction of the magnetic compass for accurate determination of direction.
- Availability of the astrolabe and quadrant devices for precise measurement of latitude and longitude.
3. Spirit of Curiosity and Adventure:
- Increased interest in exploration driven by a quest for knowledge, discoveries of new trade routes, and the search for riches and resources.
- Expansion of trade networks created a demand for new maritime routes.