1. The Reign of Terror:
- Established by the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre.
- Used fear and violence to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution.
2. Directory Government:
- Formed after the fall of Robespierre in 1794.
- A five-man executive called the Directory ruled the country.
- Attempted to restore stability but faced internal conflicts and corruption.
3. Napoleon Bonaparte's Rise:
- A talented general emerged during the Directory's rule.
- Staged a coup d'état in 1799, overthrowing the Directory.
4. Napoleonic Code:
- Introduced a comprehensive civil code that unified the laws of France.
- Improved the legal system and promoted equality before the law.
5. Concordat of 1801:
- Agreement with the Catholic Church, restoring religious freedom and recognizing Catholicism as the religion of the majority.
6. Centralized Administration:
- Established a hierarchical system of government with Napoleon at the center.
- Appointed prefects to oversee local administration and enforce central authority.
7. Military Campaigns:
- Napoleon launched a series of successful military campaigns, expanding France's territory.
- These victories boosted national pride and solidified his power.
8. Economic Policies:
- Initiated economic reforms, including the creation of the Bank of France and the establishment of a uniform currency.
- Encouraged trade and industry, leading to economic growth.
9. Concordat of 1801:
- Improved relations with the Catholic Church, allowing greater religious freedom after the revolution's anti-clerical policies.
10. Public Works:
- Initiated large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the construction of roads, bridges, and public buildings.
- These projects stimulated the economy and improved connectivity.
11. Suppression of Opposition:
- Suppressed dissent and criticism, using censorship, imprisonment, and exile.
- Maintained a tight grip on power, limiting political freedoms.
12. Napoleonic Wars:
- Napoleon's military conquests eventually led to conflicts with other European powers, culminating in the Napoleonic Wars.
- These wars ultimately contributed to his downfall.
13. Bourbon Restoration:
- After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France.
- The country transitioned to a more constitutional monarchy, marking the end of the revolutionary period and the beginning of a new era.