On Human Equality:
Rousseau believed that all humans were born equal and free, regardless of their sex. He asserted that societal institutions, laws, and customs often perpetuated inequality, distorting the natural order of things. In this sense, he supported the notion of human equality, including between men and women.
Gender Roles and Natural Differences:
Rousseau believed that nature created inherent differences between men and women, each with distinct roles and capabilities. He viewed men as physically stronger and better suited for public life and the exercise of reason. Women, on the other hand, he believed, possessed greater emotional intelligence and nurturing abilities, making them better suited for domestic responsibilities and child-rearing.
Complementarity and Mutual Dependence:
Rousseau envisioned a harmonious society where men and women would complement each other, acknowledging and embracing their respective roles. He saw women as the moral compass of society, instilling virtue and compassion, while men provided strength and protection.
Critique and Context:
While Rousseau's views on gender were progressive for his time, they still fell short of advocating for complete gender equality. His emphasis on natural differences limited the potential for women to fully participate in public and intellectual spheres. Despite this, his commitment to human equality challenged the prevailing social hierarchy and influenced subsequent thinkers and feminists.
It's important to situate Rousseau's views within their historical context and acknowledge that societal attitudes toward gender have evolved significantly since the 18th century. Modern understandings of gender emphasize individual agency, self-determination, and the rejection of rigid gender roles.