Control over the Mississippi River: The Union's capture of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two and gave the Union control of the entire Mississippi River. This was a vital strategic victory as it effectively cut off the Confederate states west of the river from the rest of the Confederacy, severely disrupting their supply lines, trade, and communication.
Weakening of Confederate morale: The fall of Vicksburg was a major blow to Confederate morale. It was one of the most heavily fortified and strategically important cities in the Confederacy, and its loss signaled that the Union was making significant progress in the war. This demoralization further eroded the Confederacy's fighting spirit and contributed to the growing belief that the war was turning against them.
Boosting Union morale: On the other hand, the Union victory at Vicksburg boosted the morale of the Union soldiers and the Northern public. It demonstrated that the Union could achieve major victories, and it strengthened their belief in the ultimate success of their cause.
Influence on European neutrality: The Union victory at Vicksburg also had an impact on European powers that had been considering recognizing the Confederacy. The European nations, especially Britain and France, were closely monitoring the progress of the war, and the Union's success at Vicksburg made it less likely that they would intervene in support of the Confederacy.
Political implications: Vicksburg's capture occurred at a crucial time during the war and contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Lincoln's success in the election strengthened the Union's commitment to the war effort and further weakened the prospects for Confederate independence.
Set the stage for further Union victories: The Union's victory at Vicksburg cleared the way for further Union advances into the Confederate heartland. It enabled the Union to launch campaigns that ultimately led to the capture of Atlanta and Sherman's March to the Sea, which were decisive events in the war.