* Italy: Italy was led by Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party. Mussolini came to power in 1922 and quickly established a dictatorship. He also began to rearm Italy and make territorial claims on neighboring countries, including Ethiopia and Albania.
* Japan: Japan was led by Emperor Hirohito and the military government. Japan had been engaged in a long war with China since 1937, and it was looking for ways to expand its empire. Japan also had territorial claims on neighboring countries, including Korea and Manchuria.