In the 9th c. A.D. the Byzantine-Arab wars continued with unabated intensity. In general, it was a period when the Arabs largely had the upper hand, according to what is commonly said. This was also the reason why the Byzantines planned and executed a crude operation, in the heart of enemy territory
In 1232, while the king of Aragon, Jaime I the Conqueror , was preparing the conquest of Valencia from Teruel, specifically from Alcañiz, he fell ill with a rare disease for which his doctors could not find a solution. They tried all kinds of concoctions, potions, and salves, but nothing made the Co
The panorama offered by al-Andalus in the last years of the 9th century and the first years of the 10th, in which the emirs al-Mundir (886-888) and Abd Allah (888-912) succeeded each other, was not at all positive. Apart from the revolt of Umar ibn Hafsun, which had reached gigantic proportions, and
In 1254 the great emperor John III Vatatzis died, leaving the Empire of Nicaea powerful. John had succeeded not only in fending off the attacks of the Latins against him, but also in liberating many lands in Thrace and Macedonia. At the same time, he had faced the Turkish and Bulgarian danger. H