1. Germany:
- Berlin: The center of Nazi power, where key decisions regarding the Holocaust were made.
- Auschwitz-Birkenau: The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp, located in southern Poland.
- Bergen-Belsen: A concentration camp in northern Germany, known for its harsh conditions and high death toll.
2. Poland:
- Warsaw: The capital of Poland, where the Warsaw Ghetto uprising occurred.
- Majdanek: A concentration and extermination camp near Lublin, Poland.
- Treblinka: An extermination camp northeast of Warsaw.
3. Occupied Territories:
- Netherlands: The site of the Westerbork transit camp, from which Dutch Jews were deported to Auschwitz.
- France: Home to several internment and concentration camps, such as Drancy and Auschwitz-Birkenau.
- Austria: The location of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.
- Czechoslovakia: The site of the Theresienstadt concentration camp, primarily used as a transit camp before deportation to Auschwitz.
4. Other Locations:
- Italy: The site of the Ardeatine Caves massacre and the deportation of Jews from Rome.
- Greece: Several concentration camps were established, including Auschwitz-Birkenau in Greece.
- Balkans: Mass deportations and executions of Jews occurred in countries like Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria.
- Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania): The sites of Einsatzgruppen operations and the massacre of Jews.
The Holocaust affected many other countries in Europe where Jewish populations were targeted and persecuted. These include countries like Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Hungary, and Romania.