Communism: Communism gained momentum after the Russian Revolution of 1917, which established the first communist state under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. Communism's goal was to create a classless, egalitarian society by eliminating private property and establishing common ownership of resources and means of production. Following World War I, communist movements gained influence in various parts of the world, particularly in Russia, Eastern Europe, and China.
National Socialism (Nazism): Nazism originated in Germany as a far-right, ultra-nationalist ideology developed by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. Nazism promoted a racist and expansionist agenda, seeking to establish Aryan racial supremacy and expand Germany's territory. It vehemently opposed communism, liberalism, and parliamentary democracy. The rise of Nazism in Germany ultimately led to World War II.
Political Islamism: World War I saw the emergence of political movements that blended Islamic teachings with political strategies. These movements sought to establish Islamic governments and promote an Islamic revival. The most notable example was the Khilafat Movement in India, which aimed to safeguard the Ottoman Caliphate and protect the rights of Indian Muslims during and after the war.
Marxist Socialism: Marxist Socialism, inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, aimed to create a socialist society through revolutionary class struggle. It emphasized the inherent conflict between the working class (proletariat) and the capitalist class (bourgeoisie), as well as the necessity of overthrowing the capitalist system.