2. The Russian Campaign (1812): Napoleon's invasion of Russia was a disaster. The Russian army used a scorched-earth policy, which deprived the French of food and supplies. The harsh Russian winter also took a toll on the French army, and many soldiers died from frostbite and starvation.
3. The War of the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814): The War of the Sixth Coalition was a coalition of European countries that fought against Napoleon. The coalition was led by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden. The coalition's armies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, which led to Napoleon's abdication.
4. The Hundred Days (1815): After Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped and returned to France. This period is known as the Hundred Days. Napoleon's return caused widespread panic in Europe, and the coalition countries quickly formed another coalition to defeat him. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, and was exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.