1. Economic Policy: The 1920s witnessed a shift from the government's active intervention in the economy, as advocated by progressives, to a more laissez-faire approach. Republicans, who gained control of the government, favored lower taxes, reduced regulation, and limited government involvement in the economy, allowing businesses more freedom.
2. Social Values: The progressive era had emphasized social reform, including laws regulating labor, promoting social welfare, and expanding women's rights. In contrast, the 1920s witnessed a backlash against some of these progressive values, with a rise in social conservatism. This was evident in the prohibition of alcohol, restrictions on immigration, and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles.
3. Cultural Changes: The 1920s brought significant cultural shifts, often seen as a reaction to progressive movements that sought to promote moral purity and social uplift. These years witnessed a flourishing of jazz, flapper culture, and a broader embrace of urban lifestyles, challenging the rural and Victorian values of the progressive era.
4. Political Disillusionment: The post-World War I era brought about a sense of disillusionment with politics, fueled by scandals and perceived failures of the progressive agenda. This led to a decline in voter participation and a general dissatisfaction with the political establishment, creating an opportunity for the Republican Party to gain momentum.
5. Nativism and Immigration Restrictions: While progressives had advocated for greater inclusion and assimilation, the 1920s saw a rise in nativism and heightened restrictions on immigration. The Immigration Act of 1924 introduced national-origins quotas, significantly limiting the entry of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
6. Women's Rights: While the progressive era had made strides in women's suffrage and activism, the 1920s witnessed some backlash against these gains. Conservative social values perpetuated traditional gender roles, and there were efforts to limit women's participation in the workforce and public life.
7. Race Relations: The progressive movement had highlighted racial injustice and sought to address issues of racial segregation and African American rights. However, the 1920s saw limited progress on civil rights, and lynchings, segregation, and discrimination remained widespread, despite some efforts by progressive activists and organizations.
In summary, the 1920s represented a complex reaction to the social and political agendas of progressives. It was characterized by a shift towards economic conservatism, social conservatism, and a sense of disillusionment with politics. While some progressive ideals persisted, the 1920s marked a period of cultural change and political realignment, paving the way for the eventual Great Depression and the rise of new social movements in subsequent decades.