Spain, in particular, played a dominant role in the colonization and shaping of Latin America. Spanish conquistadors conquered vast territories and established vice-royalties and captaincies-general that covered most of the region, including Mexico, Central America, and much of South America. The Spanish language, Catholicism, and a centralized system of government were imposed on these colonies.
Portugal, on the other hand, colonized Brazil, which became the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas. Brazil's colonial history is marked by the introduction of African slaves for sugar plantations, the exploitation of natural resources, and a distinct social and cultural identity that sets Brazil apart from Spanish America.
The colonial legacies of Spain and Portugal continue to shape the political, social, economic, and cultural landscape of Latin America.