His military experience on the peninsula, where he fought the French during the War of Independence, legitimized him to lead the rebels against the last bastion of Spain in South America, the Viceroyalty of Peru. The wars of independence in America were waged by the descendants of Spaniards, the Cre
Born in the midst of the internal commotions that had torn the country apart; formed by men without ideas or principles, for the most part; led by a soldier [Agustín Gamarra], to whom a triumph had subdued all men and all things, whose administrative science was reduced only to intrigue and the sord
THE CHIMU NATION The Great Chimú developed on the north and central coast, from Tumbes to Carabayllo (Lima). It was a monarchical-centralist state during the reign of the Cie-quich called by the Incas Chimo Capac who came to control a tributary population of approximately 750,000 inhabitants, mostly
José Sarney , a member of one of the richest families in Maranhão, is the politician with the longest political career in Brazil. He participated in the countrys redemocratization process as the 31st president of Brazil (1985-1990) and the first civilian president after the period of military dicta