- Defend the nation's capital, Richmond, Virginia. Richmond was the political and economic heart of the Confederacy, and its capture would have been a major blow to the Southern war effort. As a result, the Confederates built a series of fortifications around the city, and General Robert E. Lee was placed in command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which was responsible for defending Richmond.
- Invade the North and gain recognition from foreign powers. The Confederates hoped that by invading the North, they could force the Union to negotiate a peace treaty that would recognize the Confederacy's independence. They also hoped that by gaining recognition from foreign powers, such as Britain and France, they could secure financial and military aid.