* Lack of supplies and equipment: Militias often lacked the necessary supplies and equipment, such as weapons, ammunition, and uniforms. This made them less effective in combat and more vulnerable to attack.
* Political interference: Militias were often subject to political interference from local and state governments. This could lead to decisions being made based on political considerations rather than military necessity.
* Lack of coordination: Militias from different states and localities were often not coordinated with each other, making it difficult to mount a cohesive defense.
* Low morale: Militias often suffered from low morale, as they were typically composed of volunteers who were not as committed to the cause as regular soldiers. This could lead to desertions and a lack of fighting spirit.
* Poor leadership: Militia officers were often not experienced military leaders, and this could lead to poor decision-making and a lack of effective command and control.