1. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815):
- Although the Napoleonic Wars largely ended before Monroe's presidency, he played a role in negotiating the peace treaties that followed, particularly the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
2. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815):
- The Congress of Vienna was a series of diplomatic meetings that aimed to reshape Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Monroe was not directly involved in the Congress but was aware of its outcome and the new territorial arrangements that emerged from it.
3. The Spanish American Revolutions (1808-1829):
- Several Latin American colonies, including Mexico and Peru, fought for independence from Spain during this period. Monroe observed these revolutions closely and pursued policies aimed at supporting the newly formed Latin American governments and minimizing European influence in the region.
4. The Monroe Doctrine (1823):
- The Monroe Doctrine was a policy statement issued by President Monroe that declared the American continent off limits to further colonization or interference by European powers. It signaled the United States' commitment to protecting its interests and promoting stability in the Western Hemisphere.
5. The Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817):
- The Rush-Bagot Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain that limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes and established a shared commitment to maintaining peace along the border.
6. The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819):
- The Adams-Onis Treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, settled a boundary dispute between the United States and Spain. It resulted in the United States acquiring Florida and defining its southern boundary with Spain's remaining North American territories.
7. The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829):
- The Greek War of Independence was a conflict between the Greeks and the Ottoman Empire. Although Monroe did not intervene directly, he expressed sympathy for the Greek cause and supported efforts to recognize Greek independence.
These events greatly impacted the United States' foreign policy during Monroe's presidency and shaped its approach to international affairs in the years that followed.